Numbers and Nature

May 11th, 2011

banana2.jpgDid you know that bananas have five sides?  Not sure?  Pick up a banana and count the sides.  Bet you there are five.

How many one- or two-petalled flowers have you ever seen?  Probably not many.  They are relatively rare in nature.  Flowers with three petals are more common, those with five petals more common still.  But flowers with four or six petals are few and far between.

What’s the deal?  The answer lies with Fibonacci.

Leonardo Fibonacci was born in Pisa, Italy, around 1170 and spent several years in Algeria with his father, a wealthy merchant.  Roman culture had spread widely in Europe by the Middle Ages and the Roman numeral system was commonly used for arithmetic.  While addition and subtraction are relatively easy with the system, anything more advanced — even multiplication or division — is difficult; the lack of zero poses a particular problem.  In Algeria, Fibonacci learned of the Hindu-Arabic numeral system and recognized the simplicity and efficiency of mathematics in this system compared to the Roman system.  He traveled throughout the Mediterranean, studying under many leading Arab mathematicians, and returned to Pisa around 1200.  The publication of his book Liber Abaci (Book of Calculation) two years later helped to popularize the Hindu-Arabic numeral system in Europe, becoming the numeral system we still use today.

In Liber Abaci, Fibonacci introduced a number sequence that solved a problem relating to the growth of a population of rabbits generation by generation assuming some idealized constraints.  This number sequence had been known to Indian mathematicians since the 6th century, but after publication of his book, it became known as the “Fibonacci sequence.”

In the Fibonacci sequence, each number is the sum of the two preceding numbers, starting with 0 and 1:

0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, 610, …

(In mathematical terms, we can write this as Fn = Fn-1 + Fn-2, with F0 = 0 and F1 = 1.)

The amazing thing about the Fibonacci sequence (aside from rabbit populations, of course) is that numbers in the sequence occur regularly in nature.  Look at your banana again.  Five sides – a Fibonacci number.  The most common flowers have 3, 5, 13, 21 petals – again, Fibonacci numbers.

In other cases, pairs of consecutive Fibonacci numbers determine the pattern of seeds in a sunflower, fruitlets on a pineapple, or scales on a pinecone.  Let’s look at the chamomile flower as an example.

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To get the most compact arrangement, the florets are arranged in a spiral pattern, and — surprise! — the number of spirals corresponds to Fibonacci numbers!  Highlighted in turquoise in the picture are the florets spiraling counterclockwise.  Count the spirals, and you get 13.  Now count the number of spirals circling in the opposite direction.  Another Fibonacci number!

The next time you have a pinecone or pineapple in hand, look for the Fibonacci numbers.  (Hint: the pineapple has three.)  Where else do you find the Fibonacci numbers in nature?  We’d love to hear from you!

Merging Art and Science

May 7th, 2011

Do you paint, write, dance, sing or sculpt?  Are you an artist who is inspired by science?  CERN may be the place for you.

The science that goes on at the laboratory has long been an inspiration for artists.  One current artist you may have heard of is Kate McAlpine, otherwise known as the rap artist Alpinekat.  She rose to fame with her hit Large Hadron Rap, which describes the Large Hadron Collider and its related science at CERN.  Check out that video and others here.

CERN, the French acronym for the European Organization for Nuclear Research, is a high-energy physics laboratory located mostly in Switzerland.  It is here that the largest accelerator in the world, the Large Hadron Collider, is located.  It spans the Swiss-French border about 330 ft (100 m) underground.  This instrument is essentially a ring, 88 ft (27 m) in diameter, consisting of a series of superconducting magnets.  The magnets serve to accelerate subatomic particles that are then smashed together in one of several detectors, each the size of a house.  The result is a spectacular computer display of brightly colored lines that look something like this:

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It’s easy to see why science here can inspire artists.

Just look at the movie Angels & Demons.  Dan Brown was inspired by science at the lab when he wrote his book.  In it, the bad guys steal a canister of antimatter from a secret underground lab at CERN, and portions of the movie were filmed at the ATLAS experiment at the lab (check out the multimedia tab on the website).

Now, with ever increasing interest in merging art and science, a new experiment is taking place at CERN.  Called Great Arts for Great Science, the goal is to bring artists to the lab where they can connect with scientists and, through their art, bring science into a broader cultural setting.  And broad it is.  The gallery on the website shows examples of sculpture, music, photography, and dance.  The organization behind the project is due to Ariane Koek, a cultural specialist dedicated to arts development at CERN.  As part of the initiative, a residency program for artists at the lab is expected to launch this year, which is predicted to ease the flow of information between artists and scientists.  Artists will have the opportunity to visit the lab and talk with scientists, and support their artistic work with scientific knowledge.

But do you think this inspiration moves only from scientist to artist?  Surprisingly, the cultural exchange happens in both directions.  Great scientists often use creative thinking in solving a particularly difficult problem.  Just think of Leonardo da Vinci.  During the Renaissance, there were no strong divisions between art and science as there are today.  In spite of his work as an artist, da Vinci used his creativity to design various barricades, bridges and flying machines.  Or consider the names of the moons orbiting around Uranus.  Astronomers were inspired by the names of characters in the works of William Shakespeare and Alexander Pope.  By bringing artists to CERN, scientists will have the opportunity to tap into their artistic side and think more creatively about their projects and science in general.

As the advising scientist for Great Arts for Great Science, Michael Doser says, “Science can provide understanding, while art can provide meaning to the human enterprise.” 

By bridging art and science, we can more easily see the relevance of basic research to society and science can be allowed to engage within the larger cultural context.  There is a tight relationship between art and science in that both are ways of exploring our existence: what it means to be human and where we are in the universe.

My experience in Davos, 2011

February 3rd, 2011

I am humbled by having had the opportunity to attend the World Economic Forum in Davos this past week. During my time there, I learned that most of the interesting activity at Davos happens in the coffee lounges and hallways of the Congress Center where the interconnectivity of people causes serendipitous encounters which lead to future collaboration. The dinners and parties are great places for networking and for probing some of the most brilliant minds on topics affecting our times. Most of my friends would not agree with me, but one cannot ignore the amount of quality information being debated at the more formal lecture-type gatherings. I think most people told me they avoided a lot of the lectures and preferred talking to colleagues and new people outside the lecture halls.

 

The conference is perfect for people who like to learn a little out of everything since the topics of the lectures are as varied as politics of India, Climate Change, Music, Psychology, physics, and many on the current state of the world’s economy. But if what you want is a deep analysis of each of the topics, this is

definitely not the place. During many of the panels, each presenter gets at most 10mins to explain their point of view and by the time everyone has exposed their opinions, the session is almost over. I quickly found that so many things compete for your attention and I for one at times felt guilty that I was

missing some other interesting talk while I sat listening to a different one. A scattered, ADD-like state very akin to what we experience culturally nowadays with a multitude of platforms, friends, jobs, family, trips competing for our attention.

 

Nevertheless, here are some lectures that I found interesting:

 

Insights on China addressed the Export Policy, Real Estate, Central government policy-making and private equity of the region.

 

The Crystal Award Cermony presented an award to Jose Carreras for his work on Leukemia awareness. He said “It is our duty to use our popularity in order to give as much back to society as we receive from it.” Celebrated music director A R Rahman received the Crystal award and Carreras sang the Passion

concert for us. What a treat.

 

 The Opening address was given by Dmitry Medvedev, President of the Russian Federation, who read the peech from his iPad.

 

 I attended a dinner talk on “Social Media Addiction” with Dan Ariely, Charlie Beckett, Trevor Doughert Reid Hoffman, Diarmuid Martin, Marissa Mayer and Clay Shirky, moderated by Loic LeMeur. Fantatstic table discussions and insights into this phenomenon by simply trying to answer the question of why is

addiction to social media bad? Loic did a wonderful job at moderating the conversations.

 

 Larry Krauss (Physics Professor at Arizona State) and Rolf-Dieter Heuer (Director of CERN) lectured on the Universe, a visual exploration of Astrophysics and Quantum physics. Moderated by Philip Campbell (Editor in Chief of Nature magazine).

 

 I liked George Soros and Christine Lagarde’s panel on an International Monetary System where they discussed lessons from previous financial crises, enhanced G20 coordination and modalities of international monetary system reform. I missed the talk by pilot/her Chesley B. Sullenberger III who spoke on Leadership under Pressure. I later heard his talk was amazing.

 

I would have also loved to attend the talk on Science, Discovery and Controversy with Francis Collins, Director of the NIH, Howard Alper Chair and President of Science, Technolloogy and Innovation in Canada, Dan Esty (Yale Professor) Larry Kraus and J. Craig Venter, Founder and Presidnet of the Venter Institute. But it occurred simultaneously with the social media addiction one which ended up being great.

 

I went to hear Bill Clinton speak, as usual charming the crowds with insights into American politics, society and the economy. I attended a lecture on Global Climate Change from a political perspective with Presidents Jacob Zuma (South Africa), Felipe Calderon (Mexico), Denmark’s Connie Hedegaard, the

 

EU commissioner for climate action and Costa Rica’s Christiana Figueres who in my opinion was the sharpest of them all. Hedegaard said that China, once an unrepentant polluter opposed to global controls, had joined Europe in deciding to invest in clean fuel technology in order to steal a march on America in a lucrative future market.

 

I went to a lecture on Smart Mobility that discussed how the integration of information, telecommunication and transportation technology will change our future mobility. I escaped 15 minutes before it ended to attend Ian Bremmer’s (President of the Eurasia Group) panel on Managing “Black Swans” and “Fat Tails”.

Ian did a great job but I thought the panel was too diverse focusing on too many kinds of risk such as financial, energy, environmental, political, sovereign default, etc… so the conversation did not arrive at any significant points.

 

My friend Itay Talgam gave one of the most fantastic talks by focusing on an analogy between orchestra conductors’ style and CEO leadership. He showed videos with examples of different styles of conducting an orchestra and its effects on the music and compared them to different business leadership situations.

He was warm, funny and very engaging. Everyone in the audience laughed and even asked for more once the allotted time had finished!

 

 

Finally, one of my favorite lectures was on “The Science of Emotions” which tackled the question on “How can we master emotions for a happier, less stressful and more productive life?” Tania Singer, a neuroscientist did a superb job at explaining how there are (approximately) three parts of the brain:

incentive focused, non-wanting affiliation focused and threat-focused. She talked about the correlation between different parts of the brain such as the amygdale and different emotions. She discussed experiments with sniffing natural oxytocin and how it causes people to trust and care for one another

more. I can’t wait for that drug to be out in the market! The only thing is that the effect only lasts for 20 minutes. Daniel Goleman (Emotional Intelligence) talked about life-work balance and managing emotions in big corporations. There was also a female Buddhist Priest, Roshi Joan Halifax, who discussed the

experiments measuring compassion and happiness in Buddhist monks.